Fabricated or induced illness (FII) is a rare form of child abuse. It occurs when someone who is caring for a child, usually the child’s biological mother, fakes or deliberately causes symptoms of illness in the child.
FII is also known as Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Munchausen's syndrome is a condition where a person pretends to be ill or causes illness or injury to themselves.
However, healthcare professionals in the UK prefer to use the term fabricated or induced illness because the term Munchausen's syndrome by proxy places the emphasis on the person carrying out the abuse, rather than the child who is the victim.
The term Munchausen syndrome by proxy is still widely used in other countries.
There has been some controversy in the media regarding FII, with some commentators suggesting it is not a real phenomenon. But there is a great deal of evidence to suggest that the condition does exist. The evidence of abuse includes hundreds of case files from more than 20 different countries, the confessions of mothers and other carers, the testimony of children and secret video footage.
Behaviours in FII
The term FII covers a wide range of cases and behaviours. These include:
a mother or other carer who convinces their child they are ill when in fact they are perfectly healthy
a mother or other carer who exaggerates or lies about their child’s symptoms
a mother or other carer who manipulates test results to suggest the presence of illness, for example by putting glucose in urine samples to suggest the child has diabetes
a mother or other carer who deliberately induces symptoms of illness, for example by poisoning her child with unnecessary medication or other substances
How common is fabricated or induced illness?
It is difficult to estimate how widespread FII is because many cases may go unreported or undetected.
The British Paediatric Surveillance Unit (BPSU), which is a specialist unit that assists researchers into rare childhood conditions, carried out a study of cases of FII. The study identified 97 cases of FII in the UK over a two-year period.
However, it is likely that this figure underestimates the true incidence of FII.
FII can involve children of all ages, but the most severe cases usually involve children under five.
In over 90% of reported cases of FII the child’s mother is responsible for the abuse. But cases have been reported in which the father, foster parent, grandparent, guardian, or a healthcare or childcare professional was responsible.
Motivation
It is not fully understood why FII occurs.
In cases where the mother is responsible, it could be that the mother enjoys the attention of playing the role of a ‘caring mother’.
A large number of mothers who have been involved in cases of FII have had a previous history of unresolved psychological and behavioural problems, such as a history of self harming or drug or alcohol misuse, or have experienced the death of another child.
In particular, a high proportion of mothers involved in FII have been found to have a type of mental health problem called borderline personality disorder, which is characterised by emotional instability and disturbed thinking.
There have been several reported cases where illness was fabricated or induced for financial reasons, for example to claim disability benefits.
Child protection
FII is a child protection issue and cannot be treated by the NHS alone. Medical professionals who suspect FII is taking place should liaise with social services and the police, and must follow local child protection procedures.
If your job involves working with children, for example if you are a nursery worker or teacher, you should inform the person in your organisation who is responsible for child protection issues. If you do not know who this is, your immediate supervisor or manager should be able to tell you.
If you suspect that someone you know may be fabricating or inducing illness in their child, it is not recommended that you confront them directly. A direct confrontation is unlikely to make a person admit to wrongdoing, and it may give them the opportunity to dispose of any evidence of abuse.
You can contact your local social services department or telephone the NSPCC’s child protection helpline, which is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, on 0808 800 5000.
Treatment
In cases of FII, the first priority is to protect the child. This may involve removing the child from the care of the person responsible. If the child is in hospital, it may involve removing the responsible parent or carer from the ward.
Once the child is safe it may be possible to treat the the parent or carer's underlying psychological problems. However, parents or carers who are involved in FII are difficult to treat because most refuse to admit their abusive behaviour. Therefore, in many cases, the child is permanently removed from their care.
Outlook
Children who are affected by FII can experience long-term consequences for their physical health, as well as significant psychological and emotional trauma.
A BPSU study found that one in four victims of FII still had significant physical and/or psychological problems two years after the abuse had stopped.
In cases involving administering unnecessary medicines or other substances, it is estimated that around 1 in 16 will die as a result of this abuse. A further 1 in every 14 will experience long-term or permanent injury.
Friday, 31 May 2013
Wednesday, 29 May 2013
DYSPRAXIA
Developmental dyspraxia is an impairment or immaturity of the organisation of movement. It is an immaturity in the way that the brain processes information, which results in messages not being properly or fully transmitted.
The term dyspraxia comes from the word praxis, which means 'doing, acting'. Dyspraxia affects the planning of what to do and how to do it. It is associated with problems of perception, language and thought.
Dyspraxia is thought to affect up to ten per cent of the population and up to two per cent severely. Males are four times more likely to be affected than females. Dyspraxia sometimes runs in families
Other names for dyspraxia include Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD), Perceptuo-Motor Dysfunction, and Motor Learning Difficulties. It used to be known as Minimal Brain Damage and Clumsy Child Syndrome.
Statistically, it is likely that there is one child in every class of 30 children. We need to make sure that everyone understands and knows how best to help this significant minority.
For the majority of those with the condition, there is no known cause. Current research suggests that it is due to an immaturity of neurone development in the brain rather than to brain damage. People with dyspraxia have no clinical neurological abnormality to explain their condition.
The pre-school child
Is late in reaching milestones e.g. rolling over, sitting, standing, walking, and speaking
May not be able to run, hop, jump, or catch or kick a ball although their peers can do so
Has difficulty in keeping friends; or judging how to behave in company
Has little understanding of concepts such as 'in', 'on', 'in front of' etc
Has difficulty in walking up and down stairs
Poor at dressing
Slow and hesitant in most actions
Appears not to be able to learn anything instinctively but must be taught skills
Falls over frequently
Poor pencil grip
Cannot do jigsaws or shape sorting games
Artwork is very immature
The school age child
Probably has all the difficulties experienced by the pre-school child with dyspraxia, with little or no improvement
Avoids PE and games
Does badly in class but significantly better on a one-to -one basis
Reacts to all stimuli without discrimination and attention span is poor
May have trouble with maths and writing structured stories
Experiences great difficulty in copying from the blackboard
Writes laboriously and immaturely
Unable to remember and /or follow instructions
Is generally poorly organised
Although dyspraxia may be diagnosed at any stage of life, increasing numbers of children are identified as having the condition.
Early recognition of dyspraxia will enable early intervention and practical steps to help your child to achieve their potential. Children whose dyspraxia is identified at an early stage are less likely to have problems with acceptance by their peers and with lowered self-esteem.
When children become teenagers their problems may change as social and organisational difficulties become more pressing.
The Dyspraxia Foundation can help and support you and your child through its services and publications.
Many parents feel guilt and anger about their child's condition. It is important to recognise that dyspraxia is not anyone's fault. Although there is no cure there are many things that you can do to give practical help and support to your child.
Occupational therapists (OTs) work in partnership with the children and their families to consider their individual concerns and expectations. Their assessment may be carried out at the child's home or school, or in a clinic setting. It will include gathering information from the child and his/her family and where appropriate, the child's teachers and other people who know the child well. The child is usually observed carrying out activities that they find challenging. The OT may also carry out some standardised tests to assess the child's fine motor, gross motor, perceptual and sensory motor abilities in comparison to other children of the same age. OTs are also aware that difficulties in these areas can mean that the child has difficulty concentrating or making friends, and that this can affect their self esteem.
OTs can help children to succeed in everyday activities by:
Helping children to develop specific skills, for example through fine motor activities or a special handwriting programme.
Suggesting changes to the child's environment. This might include suggesting the child is positioned differently in the classroom to reduce distractions or that he/she uses a different chair at meal times.
Suggesting different ways of doing things, like using a different pencil, trying a computer or teaching new ways to tie shoe laces.
Some OTs specialise in providing sensory integration therapy while others follow a neuro-developmental or sensory-motor approach. However they are all concerned with helping the child to manage everyday activities at home and school, and encouraging a child's participation in hobbies and leisure interests.
All info from http://Www.dyspraxiafoundation.org.uk
Obesity in Children
There are a number of different things that can cause obesity in children. Possible causes of obesity include:
eating a poor diet, for example too many high-fat and sugary foods
inactivity, for example, not doing enough exercise and spending too much time watching television or in front of a computer
genetic (inherited) conditions, though these are rare
not being breastfed
If you're obese, then your children are more likely to be obese. This may happen because you share the same eating or activity habits, or a combination of both.
The number of overweight and obese children in the UK has increased over the past 30 years. In 2006, around one in six children aged between two and 15 were obese.
Obesity can also affect your child's emotional and mental health. He or she may have low confidence or self-esteem, and being obese can also lead to eating problems, such as bulimia, and depression.
Special charts, called centile charts, have been developed to show whether children are under or overweight for their age. Your GP or nurse will use these charts to assess your child.
There are a number of different treatments for obesity in children. However, no treatment will work on its own. You will need to make changes to the foods you and your child eat and the activities you do, as well as changing some of the behaviour of the whole family.
Your GP may ask you to help your child to lose weight, but it's more likely that your GP will recommend that you help to maintain your child's weight. So, as your child grows taller, his or her BMI improves and the weight stays the same.
It's important to make changes that the whole family can do, rather than asking your child to have a separate diet or to start 'dieting'. This may mean changes to mealtimes and snacking habits, or starting activities that the whole family can do together. Lifestyle changes work best for your child when they are long-term, permanent changes.Setting goals and giving rewards and praise. You and your child should be aiming to make long-term changes to the foods you eat and the activities you do, so that your child will be able to manage his and her weight when they become an adult. However, choosing some short-term goals to reach may help you to focus and succeed. Give your child praise and rewards for their success, but make sure these aren't food-related. Instead try giving them a small gift or do an activity they enjoy.
Get active. Children need to do between 60 and 120 minutes (one to two hours) of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity every day. This can be one session of activity or a number of sessions of 10 minutes or more. Try building activity into everyday life, such as walking or cycling to school or playing with other children. Do activities together as a family, for example, going to the park and playing football. Help your child to choose more structured activities that they enjoy, for example dancing or swimming.
Cut down on inactive pastimes. Reduce the amount of time your child spends watching television or using a computer. Try to limit this to less than two hours a day or 14 hours a week.
Eat healthily. Your doctor or nurse may ask you to keep a record of the food and drink that you and your child have. Based on what your child is eating, what he or she likes and dislikes and how old your child is, your doctor or nurse may create a healthy eating plan. This can be made up of healthy foods which give your child less energy each day than they are using in their day-to-day activities. This is likely to mean cutting down on foods that have a lot of sugar or fat in them and eating more fruit and vegetables and low-fat foods.
Involve the whole family. It's important to get everyone to eat healthily and become more active so that your child doesn't feel that they have been singled out. If you're overweight, you should lose weight with your child. Look at how you eat as a family, try and sit down together for meals and set a good example with the foods you eat and the activities you do.
A medicine called orlistat can sometimes be used to help older children lose weight. However, it is used very rarely. Orlistat is only to be given to your child if he or she is over the age of 12, is very obese and has other health problems because of their weight.
There are operations available that can help older children to lose excess weight. Surgery will only be suggested if other treatments haven't worked; if your child has been through puberty; if he or she is very obese; and if they have other health problems. Weight-loss surgery for children is rare.
Obesity in children is caused by many different things, some of which are difficult to change. For example, there is a greater choice of food available in our shops, and computers and television play a bigger part in many people's lives than they did in the past. However, you can make a difference to the food your child eats every day and how active they are.
If you're worried that your child is becoming overweight, you can make long-term changes to your child's diet and eating habits, while increasing the amount of activity he or she does. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommends the following.
Include starchy foods in meals such as potatoes, bread, rice and pasta, choosing wholegrain where possible.
Eat plenty of fibre-rich foods, such as oats, beans, grains, fruit and vegetables, wholegrain bread, and brown rice and pasta.
Eat at least five portions of a variety of fruit and vegetables each day.
Eat a low-fat diet and don't increase your fat and/or calorie intake.
Eat as little as possible of fried foods, sweets which are high in added sugars and fat and high-fat foods such as take-away meals or fast food.
Reduce the amount of sugary drinks you have, including fruit juices with added sugar, and drink more water.
Watch the portion size of meals and snacks, and how often you're eating.
Eat regular meals, including breakfast, in a pleasant, sociable environment without distractions.
You should eat with your child and make sure that everyone is eating the same food.
Make enjoyable activities - walking, cycling, swimming and gardening - part of everyday life.
Minimise sedentary activities, such as sitting for long periods watching television, at a computer or playing video games.
Encourage active play, for example dancing and skipping.
Be more active as a family, for example walking and cycling to school and the shops, going to the park or swimming.
Encourage your child to participate in sports or other active recreation, and make the most of opportunities for exercise at school.
Never put your child on a weight-loss diet without getting advice, as this can affect his or her growth. Talk to your GP or a dietitian if you're concerned about your child's weight.
Found all the information threw www.bupa.co.uk x
Protecting Yourselves - Safeguarding your children
There are no I.T professionals amongst the *Mums World* Admin Team. Information has been collated from reputable websites which will be listed at the end of the topic. Becks and Lilly
Keeping up with and supervising children’s online activity can be challenging, especially when they have their own computers, Smartphone’s, tablets and games consoles ... or they are in other people’s homes. Understand the risks yourself and plan ahead before allowing children access to the internet.
The Risk
Inappropriate contact: from people who may wish to abuse, exploit or bully them.
Inappropriate conduct: because of their own and others’ online behaviour, such as the personal information they make public. They may also become either targets or perpetrators of cyberbullying.
Inappropriate content: being able to access sexually explicit, racist, violent, extremist or other harmful material.
Commercialism: directing aggressive advertising and marketing material at children.
Children gaining access to your own personal information stored on your computer.
Children enabling viruses and spyware by careless or misinformed use of your computer.
There are several ways to safeguard children. Undoubtedly the most effective is to educate them from an early age about the risks they may encounter when online ... what these risks are, how to spot them and what action to take. There are a number of online age-appropriate educational resources available to parents/guardians and teachers, and children themselves, covering every aspect of online safety for children.
You should also take the following measures. Remember that these factors will change as children grow up and should be reconsidered regularly.
Set ground rules about use of the internet, email and texts. They should learn to take responsibility for their own actions and develop their own judgement.
Make children aware that online contacts may not be who they say they are.
Children must keep personal details private.
Ensure that they use a family email address when filling in online forms.
They must never meet unsupervised with anyone they have contacted via the internet.
Get children to report concerns about conversations, messages and behaviours to you or another known and trusted adult. Encourage them to share their internet experience with you and make it a shared family experience.
Get children to report bullying online, by text or phone immediately to you.
Use the parental control settings on your browser, search engine and internet security package.
Alternatively, consider buying specialist parental control software.
Block pop-ups and spam emails.
Consider enabling online access from only a family computer located in a shared room.
Always sit with younger children when they are online.
Consider choosing a child-friendly home page in your browser settings.
Learn the language of chatrooms and log on yourself so you know how it works.
Consider setting up a family e-mail account which can be used specifically to register for websites, competitions etc.
Tell your children not to illegally copy copyrighted content such as music, films or software.
Ensure that your children do not have access to your logon account so that they cannot access, alter or delete your files.
Take care to limit children's access to credit card and bank information. Similarly, ensure they cannot gain access to an online shop or other website where your details are stored.
Set limits on when they can use the computer, and for how long.
Parental controls are designed to help protect children from inappropriate content they may come across online. These controls can be used to limit access to only age appropriate content, to set usage times and to monitor activity
It’s worth being aware that no parental controls or filtering options are 100% fool proof. As well as setting up parental controls it’s important to educate your children about the potential risks online, and establish rules concerning the sites that are suitable, or inappropriate, to visit. It's important that you involve yourself in their online world; as a starting point you could ask them what their favourite websites are and why they like them.
Where should I begin?
Once you have bought a new device for your child, have a look at the manual that came with it as these normally contain some information and a step by step guide on how to install parental controls. You could also type the name of the device plus parental controls into a search engine eg. ‘Nintendo DSi + parental controls’. This can help you to find how-to guides and useful video tutorials.
Portable devices
Children are accessing the internet on a range of different devices. Gone are the days where the only way to surf the web was on a desktop computer in your home. You can now access the internet wherever and whenever you want. Your child may be using portable devices such as smartphones, laptops, gaming devices (eg Nintendo DSi), media players (eg iPod Touch) and tablets (eg iPad). It can really help to be informed about how to install parental controls onto each device.
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Should my child have an email account?
Your child may ask to have their own email account. You need to think about whether they are old enough and mature enough to have an account that will provide them with some independence online, such as giving them the ability to register with websites.
If your child is setting up an account, here are some simple steps you can take to help them use it safely and securely.
Set up the account with them – this will give you a good idea of what personal information has been asked for and the functionality of the account.
Check moderation possibilities – popular services such as Hotmail have parental controls to assist you with the moderation of the account. Some allow you to have a family account or moderation rights. This way you can see the emails received and the sites your child is registering on too. If this is not possible, you can share the password to the account, especially for younger age groups; this way you can moderate if you feel necessary.
Ask your child to only email people they know and trust in the real world.
Ask them to never click on emails from people they don’t know or links they don’t recognise, as they could contain a virus which will harm the computer, or take them to a site which is inappropriate.
Encourage them to tell you if they see anything that upsets them online, because you can help them.
How can this help me?
Every parental control package is different, but most provide services such as:
Filtering – content to restrict access to particular sites, such as pornographic websites.
Time limits – restrict the amount of time your child can be online, or set periods of time where your child can access certain sites.
Monitoring – where you are informed of certain sites that your child is attempting to gain access to.
Reporting – where you are provided with information about what sites your child has used.
Where do I get them?
There are three main levels for applying parental controls:
Internet Service Providers (ISP’s). These are the organisations that pipe the internet to your home (like Virgin Media, Talk Talk, Sky and BT). All of the major ISP’s provide parental control packages. These can allow you to apply controls across all of the devices that access the internet through your home connection – such as laptops or games consoles.
Devices that connect to the internet. Most computers, mobiles and games consoles now come with parental controls that can be applied. For example, within Windows and the Mac operating systems, there are parental controls that can be set for individual devices.
Software. There are a wide range of packages available to buy or sometimes download for free – always look for reputable companies and check out reviews online.
Does this make my child safe?
Parental controls will never make the internet 100% ‘safe’. They should not be used as a substitute for communicating safety messages to your child. Make sure that you talk to your child about their behaviour online and remember, your home is not the only place they will be accessing the internet! Never ask your children to set these settings, if you are not confident in putting these in place ask a family friend or the shop assistant to help.
The following information will explain the free parental controls from BT, Virgin, Sky and Talk Talk.
BT
BT‘s Security package is called BT Family Protection. This lets you choose the right level of protection for each child on up to three computers in your home. With this service you can:
Block websites – stop your kids from seeing inappropriate content
Set time limits – manage how long your children spend online
Get instant alerts – get email or text alerts when your kids try to view blocked sites or post confidential information
Social networking tools – control the use of social networks like Facebook and Twitter and set up text alerts if personal information is posted
YouTube filtering – a unique technology to prevent exposure to unsuitable content
Usage reports – review your children's online activity from anywhere in the world
As well as parental controls, you also get:
Advanced spam filtering – with image blocking to protect children from offensive content
BT Cleanfeed – blocks sites classified as illegal by the Internet Watch Foundation
Access to our internet abuse prevention team – for children or parents to report any concerns
A user guide for the BT Family Protection service is available and videos on the service are also provided.
Talk Talk
Talk Talk’s Internet security service is called HomeSafe. Built into the broadband network itself, HomeSafe is designed to help you block every device in your home from websites you've defined as unsuitable for your home. Parents also have the option to control the after school homework routine specifically. It's been developed in partnership with their panel of parents and online safety experts.
A guide to setting up HomeSafe is available as are videos for this service.
Virgin Media
Parental Controls is part of Virgin Media Security and is available for free to all Virgin Media broadband customers. With Virgin Media Security’s Parental Control you can:
Screen out offensive material
Filter sites by pre-defined age categories
Add exceptions or block specific sites
Control access to specific content types like chat or social networking
Set an access-schedule for individual users
See a history of sites viewed, including those that were blocked
Further information on this service and a guide on how to set up parental controls is available.
Plusnet
Plusnet offer Plusnet Protect Internet security. With this service, either offered free or for a small charge dependent on your Broadband package, parents and carers are able to set safe boundaries for children with parental controls.
Advice on how to set these controls is available.
Sky
Sky offer McAfee Internet Security suit, available free or for a small monthly charge dependent on your Broadband package. Parental Controls are included in this package, however all Sky Broadband customers can get McAfee Parental Controls on their own as a separate download, free and for up to three PC’s.
McAfee’s Parental Controls help control when your children can be online, monitor/control what websites they can visit, and keep an eye on their online activities.
Many thanks to the following sites where we gathered this information:
https://www.thinkuknow.co.uk/parents/Primary/Tools/Parental-controls/
http://www.childnet.com/parents-and-carers/hot-topics/parental-controls
http://www.getsafeonline.org/safeguarding-children/safeguarding-children/
Protecting Yourselves - Smart Phones, Tablets and Card Details
There are no I.T professionals amongst the *Mums World* Admin Team. Information has been collated from reputable websites which will be listed at the end of the topic. Becks and Lilly
What is a Smartphone?
A Smartphone is a mobile phone built on a mobile operating system, with more advanced computing capability and connectivity than a feature phone. Many modern Smartphone’s also include high-resolution touch screens and web browsers that display standard web pages as well as mobile-optimized sites. High-speed data access is provided by Wi-Fi and mobile broadband. In recent years, the rapid development of mobile app markets and of mobile commerce have been drivers of Smartphone adoption.
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What is a tablet?
A tablet computer, or simply tablet, is a one-piece mobile computer. Devices typically offer a touchscreen, with finger (or stylus) gestures acting as the primary means of control.
What are the risks’ of using my Smartphone or tablet when I’m out?
•
People gaining access to your online activity if you are using an unsecured or illicit wireless network.
•
People accessing your device via Bluetooth to either send you unwanted texts exploit your contacts list or access your handset’s commands.
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‘Shoulder surfing’ – people viewing your screen.
•
Loss or theft of your device.
These day’s we take using WIFI as granted when using it you need to ensure the wireless network is a secure one.Wherever possible, use well-known, commercial hotspot providers such as BT OpenZone or T-Mobile.
Bluetooth – how can I prevent people sending me things I don’t want?
•
Ensure that your Bluetooth is switched off when you do not need to use it.
•
If you do use Bluetooth, make sure that your devices are not left ‘discoverable’.
•
Do not pair devices in public in case someone is scanning you while you create the connection.
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If possible, restrict access to known, paired devices.
•
Do not accept files transmitted via Bluetooth from unknown or suspicious sources.
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QR Codes
I don’t know about you – but QR Codes confuse me! QR stands for Quick Response and is afast and effortless way to reach advertisers’ websites, direct from your smartphone or tablet. To use these your phone will need a QR reader which is easily downloadable.
QR Codes can be rather dangerous. You can’t see exactly what is there unlike looking on a website and you run the chance of going to a fraudulent website. NEVER enter any details after going through a QR code and ensure the code is from a reputable source before you go to use it.
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Identity Theft/Fraud
Identity theft happens when fraudsters access enough information about someone’s identity (such as their name, date of birth, current or previous addresses) to commit identity fraud. Identity theft can take place whether the fraud victim is alive or deceased.
If you’re a victim of identity theft, it can lead to fraud that can have a direct impact on your personal finances and could also make it difficult for you to obtain loans, credit cards or a mortgage until the matter is resolved.
Identity fraud can be described as the use of that stolen identity in criminal activity to obtain goods or services by deception. Fraudsters can use your identity details to:
open bank accounts
•
obtain credit cards, loans and state benefits
•
order goods in your name
•
take over your existing accounts
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take out mobile phone contracts
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obtain genuine documents such as passports and driving licences in your name.
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Protect yourself against identity fraud
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Don’t throw out anything with your name, address or financial details without shredding it first.
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If you receive an unsolicited email or phone call from what appears to be your bank or building society asking for your security details, never reveal your full password, login details or account numbers. Be aware that a bank will never ask for your PIN or for a whole security number or password.
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If you are concerned about the source of a call, ask the caller to give you a main switchboard number for you to call them back on. Alternatively, hang up and call your bank back on the legitimate phone number printed on your bank statements.
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Check your statements carefully and report anything suspicious to the bank or financial service provider concerned.
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Don’t leave things like bills lying around for others to look at.
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If you’re expecting a bank or credit card statement and it doesn’t arrive, tell your bank or Credit Card Company.
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If you move house, ask Royal Mail to redirect your post for at least a year.
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The three credit reference agencies offer a credit report checking service to alert you to any key changes on your credit file that could indicate potential fraudulent activity. • Callcredit • Equifax • Experian
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It is particularly helpful to check your personal credit file 2-3 months after you have moved house.
Many thanks to the following sites where we gathered this information:
http://www.actionfraud.police.uk/fraud_protection/identity_fraud
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